entre la libertad y el miedo de german arciniegas pdf

These are, however, old creatures, whose origins date back to the early decades of the nineteenth century. Talk of 'new democracies' in Latin America is part of the contemporary vocabulary when referring in particular to the processes of regime transition from the military dictatorships of the period 1960 to 1970. At the core of this process was the crucial issue of 'representation,' which was addressed from the start by resorting to elections, first in 1809 and soon followed by a series of electoral contests, which, given their unprecedented nature and dimensions, were-according to François-Xavier Guerra and Danielle Demelas-Bohy-'the revolution itself' (Demélas-Bohy and Guerra 1996, p. The vacuum of power left by the forced abdication of King Ferdinand VII (1784–1833) set in motion a process that finally led to the independence of Spanish America under a new legitimizing principle: the sovereignty of the people.

Of course, these questions already had been at the center of political theoretical discussion for a long time, but they suddenly permeated the political reality of the Hispanic world following the Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808. Yet, paradoxically, both texts were clear expressions of a deep concern among civilian and religious authorities regarding the emergence of alternative sources of legitimacy. The oration in Bogotá and the pastoral letter in Buenos Aires were reaffirmations of Spanish monarchical rule and its final source: the divine rights of the king. Five months later, on February 22, 1810, the archbishop of Buenos Aires issued a pastoral letter with a similar message: The authority to command the peoples did not originate in the human will contrary to what the 'libertines' imagined, it 'emanated from the supreme authority of God' (Duquesne de Madrid 1809 Carta Pastoral 1810). As he prayed for 'public peace,' his attention became centered on questions of 'legitimacy.' He noted the spread of the 'idol of liberty' in 'pestilent writings' by 'monsters inspire rebellion among all the peoples.' Against these ideas, Canon José Domingo Duquesne de Madrid reminded his audience that they owed 'obedience and submission' to the 'legitimate powers' those who resisted these powers were resisting the will of God. On September 24, 1809, the canon of the Catholic Church in Santa Fé de Bogotá gave an oration in the city's cathedral at the request of the Spanish viceroy.

Entre la libertad y el miedo de german arciniegas pdf